Agrarian Academic Journal
doi: 10.32406/v7n2/2024/1-9/agrariacad
Chemical composition, anti-fusarium and radical-scavenging activities of essential oil and extracts of Hertia cheirifolia (L.) Kuntze growing in Boutaleb (Setif, Algeria). Composição química, atividades anti-fusarium e de eliminação de radicais do óleo essencial e extratos de Hertia cheirifolia (L.) Kuntze crescendo em Boutaleb (Setif, Argélia).
Maroua Kheloufi
1,2*, Madani Sarri3*, Noui Hendel1,2, Djamel Sarri3
1- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, M’sila University, 28000 M’sila, Algeria. E-mail: maroua.kheloufi@univ-msila.dz
2- Biology Laboratory: Applications in Health and Environment, M’sila University, 28000 M’sila, Algeria.
3- Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, M’sila University, 28000 M’sila, Algeria. E-mail: madani.sarri@univ-msila.dz
Abstract
This study was carried out with the objective to investigate the essential oil chemical composition, essential oil and extracts biological activities of Hertia cheirifolia. The volatile components of the aerial parts of H. cheirifolia, obtained by hydrodistillation, have been analysed by GC/MS. Fifty-six compounds were identified accounting for 98.41% of the total oil. However, all the oil was characterized by the predominance of three components, α-Pinene (33.07%), 1-[1-Methyl-1-(4-methyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-ethyl]-1H-pyrrole (28.08%) and Germacrene D (19.59%). The free radical scavenging activity of the essential and the extracts was determined by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) model system. The antifungal activity showed that the essential oil, the methanolic extract and the aqueous extract of H. cheirifolia significantly reduced the growth of Fusarium graminearum, F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis and F. culmorum.
Keywords: Phytochemical analysis. Biological activities. GC/MS analysis. Flora of Algeria.
Resumo
Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de investigar a composição química do óleo essencial, atividades biológicas do óleo essencial e dos extratos de Hertia cheirifolia. Os componentes voláteis da parte aérea de H. cheirifolia, obtidos por hidrodestilação, foram analisados por GC/MS. Foram identificados 56 compostos que representam 98,41% do petróleo total. Porém, todo o óleo foi caracterizado pela predominância de três componentes, α-Pineno (33,07%), 1-[1-Metil-1-(4-metil-ciclohex-3-enil)-etil]-1H-pirrol (28,08%) e Germacrena D (19,59%). A atividade eliminadora de radicais livres do essencial e dos extratos foi determinada pelo sistema modelo 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH). A atividade antifúngica mostrou que o óleo essencial, o extrato metanólico e o extrato aquoso de H. cheirifolia reduziram significativamente o crescimento de Fusarium graminearum, F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis e F. culmorum.
Palavras-chave: Análise fitoquímica. Atividades biológicas. Análise por GC/MS. Flora da Argélia.
Introduction
The genus Hertia belongs to the Asteraceae family, the native range of this genus is Northwest and South of Africa, Iran to Pakistan (KEW, 2023). In Algeria, we found only the species Hertia cheirifolia (L.) Kuntze (QUEZEL and SANTA, 1963). H. cheirifolia is endemic to both Algeria and Tunisia flora, and also known as Othonna cheirifolia L., Othonnopsis cheirifolia (L.) Batt. & Trab. and Othonnopsis cheirifolia (L.) Jaub. & Spach (THE PLANT LIST, 2013).
It is a perennial species, glaucous green, hairless, forming dense clumps, reaching about thirty cm high. Leaves alternate, sessile, fleshy, oblong in shape and ending in a small point. Yellow flowers united in heads reaching more than two cm in diameter, solitary and carried by bare peduncles. Involucre with one row of acute oblong bracts. Peripheral flowers ligulate, those in the center, tubular and toothed. Five stamens with anthers forming a tube around the style. Fruits with achenes with fine bristles (BENISTON and BENISTON, 1984). In Algeria, this species is known as: Kherchoun and Timirzou (QUEZEL and SANTA, 1963).
Traditionally the species is widely used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases such as hyperglycemia and to treat rheumatic pains (MAJOULI et al., 2016a), inflammation, hemorrhoid and spasm (ISERIN, 2001), hypertension, ulcer, fatigue, intestinal worms, diarrhea and throat infections (LE FLOC’H, 1983; CHERMAT and GHARZOULI, 2015), digestive disorders and wound healing (ABDELOUAHAB et al., 2019).
Previous chemical studies have been carried out on H. cheirifolia and allowed the isolation of several chemical compounds. Indeed, different sesquiterpene components (Eremophilenolides, Bakkenolide) were isolated from an extracts of the aerial parts, leaves and stems of the plant (MASSIOT et al., 1990; ACLINOU et al., 1991; AMMAR et al., 2009), and steroids were isolated from a chloroform extract of the leaves and stems of the plant H. cheirifolia (AMMAR et al., 2009). In addition, recent studies demonstrated that vegetative parts and roots from H. cheirifolia are a rich source of essential oils (ZELLAGUI et al., 2012; MAJOULI et al., 2016a-2016b; SEGUENI et al., 2017; MAJOULI et al., 2017a; MAJOULI and KENANI et al., 2017b, RAHALI et al., 2019; BASSA et al., 2022). Several biological activities of H. cheirifolia have been published in recent years, for example the activities of some extracts that have an acaricide (ATTIA et al., 2012), antioxidant (ABDELOUHAB et al., 2019), anti-inflammatory (AMMAR et al., 2009; ABDELOUHAB et al., 2019), aphicidal and repellent activities (AMAMRI et al., 2021). Some other biological activities were showed, as for the volatile oils which showed its effectiveness for some biological studies, such as antibacterial activity (MAJOULI et al., 2016b; BASSA et al., 2022), antioxidant activity (MAJOULI et al., 2016a; RAHALI et al., 2017), α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (MAJOULI et al., 2015), α-amylase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities (RAHALI et al., 2017).
The present work aims to investigate the essential oil chemical composition by GC-MS, anti-Fusarium and radical-scavenging activity of the essential oil and extracts obtained from H. cheirifolia.
Materials and methods
Plant material and isolation of the essential oil
The aerial parts of Hertia cheirifolia were collected at the flowering stage from the Boutaleb Mountains in Setif region eastern of Algeria in May 2019. The plant was identified, and the voucher specimen (Hc 4/19) was deposited at Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, M’sila University. The essential oil (EO) was obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 h, from aerial part of H. cheirifolia (100 g). The oil yield, estimated on a dry weight basis (v/w) was 0.81%.
Preparation of bioactive extracts
The aqueous extract (AqE) was obtained by decoction of dry matter (50 g) in an Erlenmeyer flask with 500 ml of distilled water, brought to a boil for 20 min on a flask heater. The plant material was filtered, placed in glass Petri dishes in an oven for 40°C for complete drying and then stored in a refrigerator at 4°C. The methanolic extract (ME) was obtained by maceration of dry matter (50 g) in an Erlenmeyer flask with 500 ml of methanol on a magnetic stirrer for 24 h at room temperature (25°C) in the dark. The plant material was filtered with filter paper, the filtrate passed through Rota-steam at 40°C for separation (methanol, extract), the extract placed in glass Petri dishes in an oven for 40°C until to the total evaporation of methanol, then stored in a refrigerator at 4°C.
DPPH radical-scavenging activity
The free-radical scavenging activity of H. cherifolia EO, ME and AqE was measured by the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) using the method described by KELEN and TEPE (2008). 50µl of each sample concentration was added to 5 mL of a DPPH methanolic solution. The mixture was shaken vigorously and left standing at room temperature for 30 min in the dark and at 25°C; the absorbance of the resulting solution was measured at 517 nm with a spectrophotometer. All measurements were performed in triplicate. Inhibition of the DPPH free radical in percent (I%) was calculated in the following way: I% = [(A0 – A1) / A0] × 100; where I% is the inhibition percentage, A0 is the absorbance of the control and A1 is the absorbance of the test compound.
Antimicrobial activity
The antifungal effect was tested against 3 strains belonging to the genus Fusarium namely: Fusarium graminearum (Fg), F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa) and F. culmorum (Fc). These strains were kindly provided by Dr. Djemouai Nadjette from the Laboratory of Biology of Microbial Systems (LBSM), Higher Normal School of Kouba, Algiers (Algeria).
Chemical analyses
The essential oil from H. cheirifolia was analyzed by GC-MS using a Hewlett Packard Agilent 6890 plus gas chromatograph, equipped with a 30 m x 0.25 mm id, 0.25 μm HP-5 MS (5% diphenyl- and 95% dimethylpolysiloxane) capillary column and coupled to an Agilent triple quadrupole mass selective detector HP 5973 (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). Helium was the carrier gas at 0.5 ml/min. Injector and MS transfer line temperatures were 230 and 280°C, respectively. Column temperature was set at 60°C for 8 min, and then programmed from 60 to 250°C at a rate of 2°C/min, and finally held isothermally for 10 min for GC/MS detection. An amount of 0.2 μL of each essential oil solution prepared was injected to the GC column through a split/splitless inlet set at 250°C in 80:1 split mode. An electron ionization technique was used with ionization energy of 70 eV; linear retention indices were determined by using retention times of n-alkanes (C8-C24), and the peaks were identified by comparison with mass spectra and by comparison to their relative retention indices with NIST 17 (NIST, The National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) and (ADAMS, 2007) libraries.
Results and discussion
Essential oil chemical composition
The chemical composition of H. cheirifolia aerial parts EO is reported in Table 1, where a total of 56 volatile components, accounting for 98.41% of the total composition, were fully characterized and grouped into four classes, namely: monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and others. The class of others was the most highly represented (37.67%), followed by classes of the monoterpene hydrocarbons and the sesquiterpenes (33.86 and 26.82%, respectively). The oxygenated monoterpenes class was the least represented (0.06%). However, the EO is characterized by the predominance of four components: α-Pinene (33.07%), 1-[1-Methyl-1-(4-methyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-ethyl]-1H-pyrrole (28.08%), Germacrene D (19.59%) and 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-one (3.74%).
Previous investigations on the H. cheirifolia essential oil chemical composition show that the species is rich in terpenic compounds. The species has variable phytochemical profiles which can possibly justify their bioactive potentials. The major volatiles of the oil of H. cheirifolia are presented in detail in Table 2. An analysis of the results of the chemical composition of the different parts of H. cheirifolia cited in the literature with those collected in our study region showed that the identified compounds present variability according to the organ of the species (SEGUENI et al., 2010; ZELLAGUI et al., 2012; ATTIA et al., 2012; MAJOULI et al., 2016a; RAHALI et al., 2017; BASSA et al., 2022). Indeed, the main constituents of the essential oil from the different parts (roots, leaves, stems, flower buds, flowers and fruits) of H. cheirifolia were for example α-Pinene (12.67-70.4%) and Germacrene D (5.25-13.18%) as shown in Table 2, but in our species the compound are 33.07 and 19.59% for α-Pinene and Germacrene D respectively. Certain major compounds are identified in populations of H. cheirifolia harvested in Algeria and Tunisia compared to other species such as Drimenin (SEGUENI et al., 2010; ZELLAGUI et al., 2012; RAHALI et al., 2017) and that our species has two unidentified major compounds in other populations of H. cheirifolia as 1-[1-Methyl-1-(4-methyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-ethyl]-1H-pyrrole (28.08%) and 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-one (3.74%).
Antioxidant activity
In this study, the antioxidant properties of H. cheirifolia bioactive extracts were evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging activity. The results of DPPH assay for the EO, ME and AqE of H. cheirifolia are reported in Table 3. These results show, as the antioxidant activity, that ME presented higher activity with an IC50 value of 0.395 ± 0.04 mg/mL compared to AqE with (IC50 = 3.158 ± 0.06 mg/mL). But we note that these two extracts have lower activity compared to the standard antioxidant BHT (IC50 = 0.006 ± 0.001 mg/mL). Furthermore, hydro-methanolic, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and butanolic extracts show remarkable variability in antioxidant activity of the H. cherifolia species; but that of the ethyl acetate extract was the most active with IC50 values of 0.029 ± 0.002 mg/mL (MAJOULI et al., 2017a). Among the studies cited in the literature (MAJOULI et al., 2016a), the EOs of flowers, leaves, stems and roots of H. cherifolia showed higher ability to increase the free radical scavenging potential which IC50 varied from 0.016 ± 0.003 mg/mL, 0.024 ± 0.001 mg/mL and 0.019 ± 0.002 mg/mL respectively. For this study, the essential oil of the aerial part presented a remarkable antioxidant activity, because here, the authors of this article measured IC50 in µL (2.07 ± 0.03 µL/mL).
Table 1 – Chemical composition of the essential oils H. cheirifolia of Boutaleb region (Algeria)
N° |
RTa |
RIb |
Componentsc |
%d |
1 |
4.540 |
800 |
6,6-dimethyloxan-2-one |
0.04 |
2 |
6.029 |
845 |
Spirohexan-5-one |
0.02 |
3 |
10.008 |
937 |
α-Pinene |
33.07 |
4 |
10.479 |
945 |
Camphene |
0.08 |
5 |
11.939 |
970 |
γ-Terpinene |
0.44 |
6 |
13.075 |
989 |
β-Pinene |
0.14 |
7 |
13.858 |
1002 |
Tricyclene |
0.02 |
8 |
14.676 |
1014 |
(1)-p,alpha-Dimethylbenzyl alcohol |
0.02 |
9 |
15.477 |
1025 |
Limonene |
0.08 |
10 |
20.715 |
1100 |
(Z)-β-ocimene |
0.03 |
11 |
23.288 |
1136 |
ρ-Tolualdehyde |
0.02 |
12 |
23.853 |
1144 |
4-Ethyl-o-xylene |
0.04 |
13 |
25.424 |
1166 |
2,2-Dimethylpropylidenemalononitrile |
0.02 |
14 |
26.066 |
1175 |
(E)-Sabinene hydrate |
0.06 |
15 |
27.078 |
1189 |
Cis-bicyclo<4.3.0>non-3-en-7-one |
0.02 |
16 |
30.398 |
1237 |
(E)-hex-4-en-1-amine |
0.01 |
17 |
42.129 |
1415 |
Caryophyllene, (Z)- |
1.07 |
18 |
42.782 |
1425 |
Diethyl Isonitrosomalonate |
0.03 |
19 |
43.448 |
1436 |
β-Guaiene, cis- |
0.10 |
20 |
44.230 |
1449 |
α-Humulene |
0.60 |
21 |
44.395 |
1451 |
Aristolene |
0.04 |
22 |
45.225 |
1465 |
γ-Neoclovene |
0.14 |
23 |
46.408 |
1484 |
Germacrene D |
19.59 |
24 |
46.538 |
1486 |
β-Gurjunene |
1.04 |
25 |
47.009 |
1494 |
Bicyclogermacrene |
1.35 |
26 |
47.262 |
1498 |
α-Muurolene |
0.09 |
27 |
47.515 |
1502 |
α-Selinene |
0.92 |
28 |
47.962 |
1510 |
γ-Muurolene |
0.03 |
29 |
48.562 |
1520 |
δ-cadinene |
0.22 |
30 |
49.728 |
1540 |
2,6-Difluoro-3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde |
0.02 |
31 |
51.688 |
1574 |
4,4-Dimethyl-3-(3-methylbut-3-enylidene)-2-methylenebicyclo[4.1.0]heptane |
0.08 |
32 |
52.288 |
1584 |
Viridiflorene |
0.15 |
33 |
52.477 |
1587 |
Calamenene, cis- |
0.02 |
34 |
53.707 |
1609 |
1,1,4a-trimethyl-5,6-dimethylene-decalin |
0.11 |
35 |
54.620 |
1625 |
1-methyl-3,5-diisopropylbenzene |
0.03 |
36 |
55.402 |
1640 |
(R)-gamma-cadinene |
0.09 |
37 |
56.003 |
1650 |
1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-ol |
1.25 |
38 |
57.103 |
1670 |
2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-one |
3.74 |
39 |
57.704 |
1681 |
7-Tetracyclo[6.2.1.0(3.8)0(3.9)]undecanol, 4,4,11,11-tetramethyl- |
0.21 |
40 |
57.992 |
1686 |
2,6,10-Trimethyl-12-oxatricyclo[7.3.1.0(1,6)]tridec-2-ene |
0.13 |
41 |
59.864 |
1721 |
4-Methoxycinnamonitrile |
0.05 |
42 |
60.871 |
1740 |
1,10-Dimethyl-2-methylene-trans-decalin |
0.05 |
43 |
62.454 |
1771 |
1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene |
0.04 |
44 |
63.708 |
1794 |
1-tert-butyl-7-methoxynaphthalene |
1.09 |
45 |
63.884 |
1798 |
(4aR)-4a,5,6,7,8,8aα-Hexahydro-3,4aβ,5β-trimethylnaphtho[2,3-b]furan-9(4H)-one |
0.07 |
46 |
64.997 |
1820 |
1-[1-Methyl-1-(4-methyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-ethyl]-1H-pyrrole |
28.08 |
47 |
65.085 |
1822 |
Bakkenolide A |
1.37 |
48 |
65.326 |
1826 |
4-(3,5-Dimethyl-2-benzofuranyl)-2-butanone |
1.11 |
49 |
65.615 |
1832 |
5-tert-Butylbiphenyl-2-ol |
0.10 |
50 |
65.856 |
1837 |
Pinane |
0.15 |
51 |
67.086 |
1862 |
1,2,3,5,6,7-Hexahydro-1,1,4,8-tetramethyl-s-indacene |
0.03 |
52 |
74.332 |
2012 |
Thiolactomycin |
0.03 |
53 |
84.144 |
2233 |
Ethyl 3,4,6-trimethylbenzo[b]furan-2-carboxylate |
0.06 |
54 |
86.134 |
2280 |
Crinan-3-ol, 1,2-didehydro-, (3.alpha.)- |
0.07 |
55 |
103.816 |
2741 |
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate |
0.94 |
56 |
104.157 |
2750 |
Acetamide, 2-[4-(1-oxo-3-phenyl-2-propenyl)phenyloxy]- |
0.01 |
Total identified (%)Yield (g/100 g dry weight) |
98.410.81 |
Table 1 Continued
Grouped componentsMonoterpene hydrocarbonsOxygenated monoterpenesSesquiterpenesOthers |
33.860.0626.8237.67 |
a Retention times (RT); b Linear retention index (RI) experimentally calculated using the Van den Dool and Kratz formula (1963) using a mixture of n-alkanes; c Components are listed according to their elution from a HP-5MS column; d Relative peak area percentage.
Table 2 – The major volatiles of the oil of H. cheirifolia according to the literature
Region / Country |
Part used |
Major component (%) |
References |
||
Tejrouine, Kef (Tunisia) |
Leaves + stems |
2,6-Dimethoxy-phenol (12.83), Camphor (5.82), Terpinene-4-ol (5.48), α-Terpineol (3.58). |
ATTIA et al., 2012 |
||
Thala, Monastir (Tunisia) |
Leaves + stems |
α-Pinene (62.5), Germacrene D (9.5), α-Cadinol (2.7), Sabinene (2.1). |
MAJOULI et al., 2016a |
||
Thala, Monastir (Tunisia) |
Flowers |
α-Pinene (70.4), Germacrene D (6.7), α-Cadinol (3.2), Sabinene (2.3). |
MAJOULI et al., 2016a |
||
Roots |
α-Pinene (22.1), β-Caryophyllene (11.8), Germacrene A (7.6), α-Terpinyl acetate (6.9), Germacrene D (5.9), β-Elemene (3.9). |
||||
Sousse (Tunisia) |
Leaves |
α-Pinene (35.63), Germacrene D (11.41), Drimane type sesquiterpene (13.81), Drimenin (27.29). |
RAHALI et al., 2017 |
||
Flower buds |
α-Pinene (12.67), Germacrene D (12.80), Drimane type sesquiterpene (34.08), Drimenin (32.53). |
||||
Flowers |
α-Pinene (15.59), Germacrene D (13.18), Drimane type sesquiterpene (30.92), Drimenin (32.55). |
||||
Fruits |
α-Pinene (33.17), Germacrene D (5.25), Drimane type sesquiterpene (27.19), Drimenin (30.67). |
||||
Oum El Bouaghi (Algeria) |
Leaves |
Monoethylhexyl phthalate, (33.71), Valeranone, (6.90), (-) Drimenin (6.71), t-Butylbenzene (3.06). |
SEGUENI et al., 2010 |
||
Oum El Bouaghi (Algeria) |
Leaves |
Drimenin (67.5), 1,2-Di(2-pyridinyl)-1,2-ethanediol (11.2) |
ZELLAGUI et al., 2012 |
||
Oum El Bouaghi (Algeria) |
Leaves |
α-Pinene (49.9), 2-(1-Cyclopent-1-enyl-1-methylethyl) cyclopentanone (24.6), β-Phellandrene (2.1). |
BASSA et al., 2022 |
||
Setif (Algeria) |
Aerial parts |
α-pinene (53.9), Germacrene D (12.7), Caryophyllene oxid (2.6) |
OUNOUGHI et al., 2020 |
||
Batna (Algeria) |
α-pinene (48.5), α-campholene aldehyde (3.1), Germacrene D (2.6), Spathulenol (3.3), Caryophyllene oxid (2.8) |
||||
Table 3 – The antioxidant activity of H. cherifolia EO, Me and AqE, and the standard BHT, evaluated as IC50 values
Standard/extract |
BHT (mg/ml) |
EO (µl/ml) |
ME (mg/ml) |
AqE (mg/ml) |
IC50 |
0.006 ± 0.001 |
2.07 ± 0.04 |
0.395 ± 0.04 |
3.158 ± 0.06 |
Antifungal activity
Several reports based on the antimicrobial activity (pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella typhimirium, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) of different extracts and essential oil of H. cheirifolia (MAJOULI et al., 2016a; MAJOULI et al., 2017a; MAJOULI and KENANI et al., 2017b) have been presented an interesting antibacterial activity. This study is the first report on the anti-Fusarium activity of H. cheirifolia flowers essential oil and extracts. The antifungal effect was tested against 3 strains: Fusarium graminearum (Fg), F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa) and F. culmorum (Fc). The methods used for this study were the disk diffusion method for the essential oil and the well diffusion method for the extracts.
Antifungal activity testing for both methods (Figure 1) showed that the essential oil, methanolic extract and aqueous extract of H. cheirifolia significantly reduced the growth of all tested fungi. The inhibition percentages for the two extracts against the three tested strains vary between 30.37% and 59.17%, thus showing a similarity in their inhibitory activity against these strains. The essential oil showed significant inhibition on F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (65.19%). This result is consistent with the work cited by Bammou, Bouhali et al. (2016), but on a species of the same genus H. marocana with 60% inhibition against F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. In addition, Lecomte et al. (2016) reported that phytochemicals in plant extracts and essential oils (EO) are capable of controlling F. oxysporum.
Figure 1 – Inhibitor effect of the EO, Me, and AqE of H. cherifolia on Fusarium species. On each mold column, the same letters indicate no significant differences. (Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, p<0.05; values are means (n=3) ± SD).
Conclusion
This study contributes to the knowledge of the chemical composition, a potentials antioxidant and in vitro antifungal activities of H. cheirifolia. The essential oil was characterized by high content of α-Pinene, 1-[1-Methyl-1-(4-methyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-ethyl]-1H-pyrrole and Germacrene D. Our results showed, with the DPPH test, that the extracts and the essential oil of H. cheirifolia present important anti-radical activity. Also, the essential oil showed very significant inhibition on F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (65.19%). In the future, more studies can be done to explore the bioactive components of this species and developing it for use in pharmacotherapy.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Authors’ contribution
Maroua Kheloufi – collected the data, performed the analysis; Madani Sarri – contributed data and analysis tools, wrote the paper; Noui Hendel – collected the data and analysis tools, wrote the paper; Djamel Sarri – collected and determined the species.
References
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Received on February 19, 2024
Returned for adjustments on June 24, 2024
Received with adjustments on June 24, 2024
Accepted on June 29, 2024