Agrarian Academic Journal
doi: 10.32406/v7n1/2024/70-78/agrariacad
Effect of Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus on the fecundity and longevity of vector, the Aphid Aphis gossypii, in Souk Ahras (East Algeria). Efeito do Vírus do Mosaico Amarelo da Abobrinha na fecundidade e longevidade do vetor, o pulgão Aphis gossypii, em Souk Ahras (leste da Argélia).
Abderrahmene Bouaouich
1,2*, Faiza Bouguerche3, Houda Mahiaoui4, Hamdi Bendif5
1- University of Souk Ahras, Laboratory of Science and Techniques for Living, Department of Agronomic Sciences, Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, Souk Ahras 41000, Algeria.
2*- University of Souk Ahras, Department of Agronomic Sciences, Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, Souk Ahras 41000, Algeria. E-mail address: a.bouaouich@univ-soukahras.dz
3- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University of Souk Ahras, Souk Ahras 41000, Algeria. E-mail address: khawlafaiza23@gmail.com
4- Laboratory of Science and Techniques for Living University of Souk Ahras, Souk Ahras 41000. E-mail address: h.mahiaoui@univ-soukahras.dz
5- Laboratory of Ethnobotany and Natural Substances, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Kouba, Algiers, Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, PO Box 166 Ichebilia, 28000, Algeria. E-mail address: hamdi.bendif@univ-msila.dz
Abstract
Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV) is one of the most important viral diseases of cucurbits in (East Algeria) and the world and it can be vectored by Aphids. Cotton (melon) Aphid, Aphis gossypii, is one of the most common insects in the Souk Ahras of (East Algeria) that can efficiently transmit ZYMV from infected to healthy cucurbit plants. The results of this study indicate that the vector insect, Aphis gossypii had significantly higher fecundity and longevity on zucchini plants infected with ZYMV compared with healthy plants. The massive reproduction and longer longevity of the vectoring (transmitting) insect (A. gossypii) on ZYMV infected plants can exacerbate the losses caused by both the insect pest (Aphids) and the viral disease agent (ZYMV) to zucchini and other cucurbit plants. The control of Aphids (the vector) is extremely important and can minimize the losses caused by both plant pests and can also reduce both primary (between fields) and secondary (within field) transmission of ZYMV.
Keywords: Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus. Aphids. Vector Transmission. Cucurbit Viral Diseases. Control Measures.
Resumo
O Vírus do Mosaico Amarelo da Abobrinha (ZYMV) é uma das doenças virais mais importantes das cucurbitáceas no leste da Argélia e no mundo e pode ser transmitido por pulgões. O pulgão do algodão (melão), Aphis gossypii, é um dos insetos mais comuns no Souk Ahras (leste da Argélia) que pode transmitir eficientemente o ZYMV de plantas de cucúrbita infectadas para plantas saudáveis. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que o inseto vetor Aphis gossypii apresentou fecundidade e longevidade significativamente maiores em plantas de abobrinha infectadas com ZYMV em comparação com plantas saudáveis. A reprodução massiva e a maior longevidade do inseto vetor (transmissor) (A. gossypii) em plantas infectadas com ZYMV podem exacerbar as perdas causadas tanto pela praga de insetos (pulgões) quanto pelo agente de doença viral (ZYMV) à abobrinha e outras plantas de cucúrbita. O controle de pulgões (o vetor) é extremamente importante e pode minimizar as perdas causadas por ambas as pragas de plantas e também pode reduzir a transmissão primária (entre campos) e secundária (dentro do campo) do ZYMV.
Palavras-chave: Vírus do Mosaico Amarelo da Abobrinha. Pulgões. Transmissão vetorial. Doenças Virais da Cucúrbita. Medidas de controle.
Introduction
Depends on most viruses that infect plants in the transition from infected to healthy plants, insects and (Mites) up to 99% (HARRIS, 1981), also constitute Aphids, in particular, the vast majority of the insects (WALKEY, 1985), is also a disease epidemic caused by plant viruses transmitted by the way is the remaining Aphids are the cause of the President lost in world food production (RACCAH, 1986).
Mosaic virus disease is yellowing and green courgettes Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus (ZYMV) of the most common viral diseases of cucurbits in many countries, including but not limited to (East Algeria), Souk Ahras (AL-SHAHWAN, 2003), where the cause of high losses and reached to more than 85% in some types of option-infected (AL-SHAHWAN et al., 1995), United Arab Emirates (JANAAN and ABU KHADER, 1997), Republic of Lebanon (SOBH et al., 1997) and California (PERRING et al., 1992).
Belongs yellow mosaic virus and green courgettes (ZYMV) to a Wi-potato virus (Potyvirus group), which is transmitted by several species of Aphids and a non-survivor (SUTIC et al., 1999), the fact, that the acquired and transported by Aphids in a very fast it takes only a few seconds and can be done during the tasting and explore the essence of the insects of plants infected with viral (HUNTER and ULLMAN, 1992). ZYMV is transmitted by Aphids, and there are at least ten types of carriers of the virus that causes the disease, and most notably the spread of a pest of watermelon and cotton is also called the Aphid Aphis gossypii = melon or cotton Aphid, which had proved its ability to transmit the virus (AL-SHAHWAN, 1990 and PERRING et al., 1992).
And also reached (ALMAICOSHI et al., 1997), that there are 18 types of Aphids deployed in the Souk Ahras area and that watermelon cotton A. gossypii. Was the most prevalent were collected from 44 host plant belonging to 20 species of plants of ornamental plants in that region.
Also found Aldryhim and Khalil (1996) that the Aphid A. gossypii was the most common Aphids and a spread of a species of 61 of them in areas that were surveyed in Souk Ahras, where he scored 36 on the breadwinner vegetarian different, and that this kind of Aphid found on some plants in the fields, most of the year and be more abundant in the numerical March and April. The affected life (biological) Aphids vectors of plant viral causes of these diseases, viral, it was found Baker (1960) that an insect of the bean Aphis fabae Scopoli.
The insect of the green peach Myzus persicae Sulzer reared on plants infected with beet yellowing of the highest fertility and live longer than those same insects reared on sugar beet plants intact.
Also found the same effect on an insect of the grain Macrosiphum granarium Kirby. Is when the barley plants are infected with the dwarf and yellowing (MILLER and COON, 1964) as well as insect Aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris when fed on plants infected with clover yellow mosaic virus (MARKKULA and LAUREMA, 1964; BARKER, 1960). Due to the proliferation of both mosaic virus and yellow courgettes (ZYMV), which is one of the most important viruses that infect cucurbits in Souk Ahras and an insect of the A. gossypii melon, which is one of the most common Aphids on plants in Souk Ahras, where the influence can occur of the insect carrier by the transfer of the virus which can range from very useful for a bug the tanker to a very adverse effect or lethal to (JENSEN, 1969).
This study aims to identify the effect of feeding the insects on plants infected with ZYMV on the number of offspring and their life span compared to those fed on healthy plants and discuss the importance of the relationship of that to help the spread of the virus.
Materials and methods
This study was conducted in growth chambers of the Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Science of Food and Agriculture, Institute of Agro-Veterinaries Sciences, University of Souk Ahras (East Algeria), sourced from Sidi Fredj, located approximately 34km from the province of Souk Ahras, Algeria (Figure 1). The collection site had an altitude of 450m and coordinates of latitude (N) 35°58’06.9″ and longitude (E) 008°15’06.6″, as follows:
Figure 1 – Geographical location of the study area (realized with ArcGIS 10.8).
- Insect breeding of watermelon cotton plants courgettes
Two sets of plants were planted courgettes Cucurbita pepo in the greenhouse in mid-November in the plastic pot volume 12 cm by a soil composed of sand and clay by 2:1 respectively. Included the first group of 15 healthy plants zucchini the second group expanded to over 15 plants vaccinated ZYMV courgettes when you move the plants from the greenhouse to growth chambers, the age of five papers last of the great development of an insect on each plant to be a source of Aphids the length of the experiment (Figure 2). Used in the experiment room growth brand Weiss Technik GMPH Model R 1370 K12 HL. And dimensions: 1.5 × 2.0 × 2.75 and the temperature inside the growth room 25° C and light intensity 5400 approx. Lux = and the lighting is a 12-hour light and 12 hour’s darkness.
Figure 2 – Healthy and courgettes plants infected with ZYMV (A) during the life of the insect (B).
- Vaccination of HIV infection of plants, courgettes ZYMV
Has been obtained for the isolation of the virus ZYMV infected plants and the option of developing in one of the greenhouses of Souk Ahras where he was isolated and identified a prayer by Dr. BOUAOUICH Abderrahmane viruses in the lab, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agro-Veterinaries Sciences. The main method of infection vaccination is courgettes plants as mentioned (AL-SHAHWAN et al., 1995) to take the number of infected leaves courgettes and crushed in a solution of potassium regulator is of standard of 0.02 Muller and pH (pH= 7.00) at 1 g infected plant tissue / 5 ml buffer solution and then was nominated for the bile fluid to the authors which was used in infected plants courgettes sterile material carborundam prey to facilitate the entry of the virus at the time of vaccination enemy me, and we by wetting a piece of cotton wool soaked in the solution and the previous survey papers courgettes plants by the sound, then left the plant for several days until the symptoms of it (Figure 3A and B).
Figure 3 – An electron micrograph of the virus-rich prep magnification of 17,000 (A). Note the viral particles in the micrograph (B).
- Insect breeding of watermelon on each of the plants, courgettes sound and infected by HIV
Equipped plants zucchini, age 20 days at zucchini plants / pots were used 16 bis of the plants, such as healthy and impregnated with the virus this number of adult insects transferred from the farm prepared a predecessor of the insect and placed one on each leaf in both treatments duplicate any healthy plants transferred Insects have the healthy and plants inoculated with the virus has moved from the insects of plants inoculated with the virus left the pain n the amount of insects that have been developed to put on the plants bear (nymphs As soon as) the birth those nymphs were killed Aphid insect nymphs and the mother and kept the fairy one only on each plant to follow up their growth and reproduction. Then were counted and killed nymphs born per day per insect of the repeaters in each of the two treatments were recorded daily numbers until the end-of-life death maternal (ALDRYHIM and KHALIL, 1995).
Statistical analysis
Results of this study were analyzed statistically using ANOVA, comparing the mean using the least significant difference LSD at a 0.05 significant using SAS statistical program (SAS, 1990).
Results
Table 1 the overall numbers and mean for the breed (the number of nymphs) developed by the mothers as well as the length of life.
Table 1 – The total numbers of spring and length of life in days for the insect Aphid A. gossypii on plants courgettes healthy and infected with ZYMV.
The case of plants |
Plants infected with ZYMV |
Plants sound (healthy) |
||
Refined |
The total number of spring |
The length of the mother’s life in days |
The total number of spring |
The length of the mother’s life in days |
1 |
151 |
35 |
38 |
19 |
2 |
93 |
22 |
67 |
23 |
3 |
94 |
27 |
41 |
26 |
4 |
139 |
32 |
81 |
35 |
5 |
150 |
35 |
60 |
27 |
6 |
168 |
35 |
74 |
33 |
7 |
84 |
28 |
45 |
21 |
8 |
136 |
35 |
24 |
23 |
9 |
103 |
23 |
40 |
21 |
10 |
103 |
26 |
62 |
26 |
11 |
139 |
27 |
59 |
32 |
12 |
136 |
35 |
30 |
25 |
13 |
126 |
35 |
80 |
27 |
14 |
88 |
26 |
69 |
26 |
15 |
122 |
35 |
3 |
7 |
16 |
123 |
27 |
31 |
18 |
Mean± SD |
±124.44 6.82 |
±30.20 1.22 |
±50.5 5.48 |
±24.31 1.67 |
Days of insect Aphid cotton (melon) A. gossypii for my treatment experience on the sound and courgettes plants infected with yellow mosaic green courgettes “ZYMV”. As shown in Table 2.
Table 2 – The influence of plant courgettes (sound (healthy) or infected with ZYMV) on the number of birth and length of life of an insect Aphid A. gossypii.
The case of plants |
Mean total number of spring ±SD |
The mean length of life ±SD |
Plants sound (healthy) |
50.5±5.48 a |
24.13±1.67 a |
Plants infected with |
124.44±6.82 b |
30.19±1.22 b |
Value-F |
71.40 |
8.12 |
Value-P |
0.0001 |
0.008 |
a and b Metropolitan mean the same characters in a column there is no significant difference among them at a moral =0.05
Discussion
Statistical analysis of the results of the study as is clear from this (Table 1). The presence of significant differences between the numbers of spring, as well as the length of the insect life of pain when reared (fed) on zucchini plants infected with the virus under study compared to non-infected, and found that the number of birth and length of life of insect’s Aphids increase in significantly when reared on courgettes infected with viral compared to those reared on plants sound (healthy). In addition, the mean number of Aphids nymphs placed on the plants on a sound and courgettes over the life of infected insect’s Aphids and Nymphs as noted in Figure 4.
Figure 4 – The mean number of Aphids nymphs 16 bis that generate (placed) daily on the healthy and courgettes plants infected with ZYMV during the life of the insect.
That the number of insects on plants nymphs the healthy is low than died on plants infected with the virus, and that the Aphids the number of insects that are placed on infected plants start decreasing gradually with time due to increased severity of viral infection by the plant pathogen courgettes and this consistent with what the (MARKKULA and LAUREMA, 1964), were attributed this phenomenon to provide the free amino acids for insects Aphids is less than concentrations in plants and the healthy badly infected with viral pathogen-infected plants compared with moderately increasing the fertility of the insect Aphids the last plants which could be seen clearly in this study (Figure 2AB and 3AB), it is clear that the most important problems that can result from the rapid multiplication of insects Aphids vectors of the virus is to increase the opportunities for the incidence of each of the epidemic insect Aphids as well as patients (ZYMV) in cultivated fields, especially of cucurbits and it has proven the ability of this type of Aphids the transfer of this virus in Souk Ahras (East Algeria) (AL-SHAHWAN, 1990) and as the damage caused by pathogens, viral diseases of plants is largely out of proportion with the population density of the insect vectors, the rapid multiplication of insects Aphids the infected plants will be encouraged to a large extent and increases the chances of contention and the movement of insect vectors carrying the virus to other plants healthy and, of course, compared to insect Aphids that feed on plants healthy and reproduce by the normal (WOODFORD et al., 1997).
It was discovered in the past few years that plans for integrated pest management involving the use of different agricultural roads and in particular the use of plant varieties resistant to pests because it gives the best opportunities to reduce and limit the spread of viral plant pathogens (JONES, 2001). The study finds that the fight against insect vectors of Aphids viral pathogens through appropriate treatment is successful, it is by serving Pest plants, on the other hand, it is greatly reduces (and perhaps stop) each of the first transitions between the fields, as well as secondary transmission within a single field of the viruses that cause plant diseases, which are usually spread by insect vectors.
Conclusion
This paper introduced a new method for assessment and methodology comparing infestation systems of zucchini plants, this study indicates that the vector Aphis gossypii has significantly higher fecundity and longevity on ZYMV-infected zucchini plants than on healthy plants, this method relies on the sustainability function; it the application has been presented respectively. Included the first group of 15 healthy plants zucchini the second group expanded to over 15 plants vaccinated ZYMV courgettes when you move the plants from greenhouse to growth chambers, the age of five papers last of the great development of an insect on each plant to be a source of Aphids the length of the experiment in the Souk Ahras (eastern (East Algeria)).
ZYMV is primarily spread by Aphids, including melon (Aphis gossypii) and green peach (Myzus persicae) Aphids. Aphids which live on other plants but only migrate through cucurbit, such as the cowpea Aphid (Aphis craccivora), can also transmit the virus. ZYMV is transmitted non-persistently. This means an Aphid picks up the virus within 1-2 seconds while probing an infected plant and then transmits the virus within 1-2 seconds to healthy plants. After the Aphid has probed one or two healthy plants the virus is lost to the Aphid until it probes another infected plant.
A small number of Aphids are able to spread the virus to a large number of plants in a short time as they search for a suitable host plant to colonise. But edapho climatic conditions, socio-economic context and the profession of the region ensures the continuation of infection by a virus (Aphis gossypii).
Conflicts of interest
There was no conflict of interest of the authors.
Authors’ contribution
Abderrahmene Bouaouich – original idea, direction, evaluation and original writing; Faiza Bouguerche and Houda Mahiaoui – guidelines, data collection, editing, data analysis, corrections and text review; Hamdi Bendif – data collection, text editing and text review.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Prof. Dr. Kanuni Barbaros Balabanlı (Ankara Gazi University, Department of Biology, Developmental Biology and Biotechnology) for the plant identification and to the financial support of the Ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique (MESRES, Algeria) and Coopérative NOPALTEC Sidi-Fredj Souk Ahras regions Algeria.
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Received on March 12, 2024
Returned for adjustments on May 16, 2024
Received with adjustments on May 17, 2024
Accepted on May 20, 2024