Agrarian Academic Journal
doi: 10.32406/v7n1/2024/1-9/agrariacad
Decomposed Babassu stem promotes the initial development of Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum. Caule decomposto de Babaçu promove o desenvolvimento inicial de Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum.
Maurivan Barbosa Pacheco1, Raissa Rachel Salustriano da Silva-Matos2, Vanessa Brito Barroso2, Ramón Yuri Ferreira Pereira3, Dário de Sousa Ramos1, Lídia Ferreira Moraes4
1- Student of the Agronomy Course, Federal University of Maranhão, UFMA, Science Center Campus, Chapadinha – MA.
2- Professor of the Agronomy Course, Federal University of Maranhão, UFMA, Science Center Campus, Chapadinha – MA.
3- Master’s student in Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, UFPI, Cinobelina Elvas Campus, Bom Jesus – PI. E-mail: ramonyuri00@outlook.com
4- Master’s student in Environmental Sciences, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, UFMA, Science Center Campus, Chapadinha – MA.
Abstract
The decomposed Babassu stem is a renewable organic material with physical and chemical properties suitable for the production of countless seedlings. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the use of substrates based on decomposed Babassu stems in the production of Cupuaçu seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in the municipality of Presidente Juscelino – MA. A completely randomized design was used with 6 treatments containing different proportions of Babassu decomposed stem (BDC). The biometric parameters of the Cupuaçu tree were evaluated. CBD significantly influenced the initial growth of the Cupuaçu tree. Plant height and stem diameter obtained the best results at 44.84% and 63.5% of CBD, respectively. Root length and root volume had the best results at 100% CBD. The plant height/root length ratio had its best performance at 0% CBD. It is concluded that the decomposed Babassu stem promotes the initial development of Cupuaçu seedlings.
Keywords: Attalea speciosa mart. Seedling production. Alternative substrate.
Resumo
O caule decomposto de Babaçuzeiro é um material orgânico renovável com propriedade físicas e químicas adequadas para a produção de mudas de inúmeras. Com isso, objetivou-se avaliar a utilização de substratos a base de caule decomposto de Babaçuzeiro na produção de mudas de Cupuaçuzeiro. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no município de Presidente Juscelino – MA. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos contendo diferente proporções de caule decomposto de Babaçuzeiro (CDB). Foram avaliados os parâmetros biométricos do Cupuaçuzeiro. O CDB influenciou significativamente o crescimento inicial do Cupuaçuzeiro. A altura da planta e diâmetro do caule se obtiveram os melhores resultados em 44,84% e 63,5% de CDB, respectivamente. O comprimento radicular e o volume radicular tiveram os melhores resultados em 100% de CDB. Já a relação altura da planta/comprimento radicular teve seu melhor desempenho em 0% de CDB. Conclui-se que o caule decomposto de Babaçuzeiro promove o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de Cupuaçuzeiro.
Palavras-chave: Attalea speciosa Mart. Produção de mudas. Substrato alternativo.
Introduction
As environmental sensitivity continues to increase and the search for sustainable approaches gains prominence, alternatives such as the use of organic compounds and the reduction of exclusive dependence on the soil for food production have become more relevant recently (GRUDA et al., 2019).
In addition to acceptable commercial quality, it is important to look for alternatives that take into account the different edaphoclimatic conditions, the varied availability of raw materials and technologies unique to each location in the world, in order to optimize the use of local resources. Therefore, it is vital that each locality develops an adapted technological approach to ensure food security (GRUDA, 2019).
Among the factors that impact the productive yield of plantations, the creation of seedlings stands out (ZEIST et al., 2017), as the substrate exerts a direct influence on the initial stages of development of orchards, which is reflected in the productivity of the trees. cultures (ANTUNES et al., 2019).
Although there are recommended commercial substrates for the production of seedlings, a growing demand for sustainable approaches in this production has been highlighted, aiming to meet the specific needs of each species while adjusting to the economic conditions of the producers (FERREIRA et al., 2018). Thus, the search for alternatives to replace the substrates used in seedling production emerges as a need that encompasses both economic and environmental aspects, since traditional substrates often depend on non-renewable resources (ECKHARDT et al., 2018; ECKHARDT et al., 2021).
Among the alternative materials found in the Brazilian Mid-North, the decomposed Babassu stem (Attalea speciosa Mart.) stands out, an input from a species found in large quantities in Maranhão and Piauí, presenting great potential for the formulation of agricultural substrates (CRUZ et al., 2018). The use of decomposed Babassu stem (DBS) as an alternative substrate promoted good results in obtaining good quality seedlings of fruit, vegetable, flower and forest species (CORDEIRO et al., 2018; SANTANA et al., 2019).
Among the physical properties of DBS, the low density, high porosity and high moisture retention capacity stand out, while in the chemical aspect, DBS is a source of nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and sulfur, in addition to having a pH in the range of 5 (CORDEIRO et al., 2018; SILVA et al., 2020).
In addition to the chemical and physical properties of DBS, this material is easy to acquire and has a low cost in the Brazilian Mid-North, making it a viable alternative for rural producers in the production of seedlings (OLIVEIRA et al., 2019). Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the use of different proportions of DBS in the formulation of substrates in the production of Cupuaçu tree seedlings (Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum.).
Material and methods
The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with 50% brightness control, from June to September 2021, at Sítio Barbosa (02º 55′ 40” S and 44º 3′ 54” W and altitude of 15 m), located in the municipality of Presidente Juscelino – MA. The region’s climate is classified by Köppen as tropical (AW’) sub-humid, with average annual rainfall of around 1,757.3 mm and average annual temperature of 27°C (CORREIA FILHO et al., 2011). The soil used was classified as Red-Yellow Argisol.
The design used was completely randomized, with six treatments and 4 replications of two seedlings each, totaling 24 experimental plots. The treatments consisted of the following proportions: T1: 0% Babassu decomposed stem (DBS) + 100% soil; T2: 20% DBS + 80% soil; T3: 40% DBS + 60% soil; T4: 60% DBS + 40% soil; T5: 80% DBS + 20% soil; T6: 100% DBS + 0% soil. Performed the chemical and physical evaluation of the DBS (Table 1) and the soil, following the methodologies described by Brazil (2007) and Schmitz et al. (2002).
Table 1 – Values referring to the chemical and physical analysis of the decomposed Babassu stem.
Sub* |
pH |
CE |
N |
P |
K |
Ca |
Mg |
S |
DG |
DP |
PR |
dS m-1 |
g Kg-1 |
mg Kg-1 |
_______ cmolc Kg-1 _______ |
g cm-3 |
% |
||||||
DBS |
5,32 |
4,34 |
5,88 |
33 |
3,63 |
20,60 |
15,20 |
41,5 |
0,33 |
0,97 |
66 |
*Sub: substrate.
Regarding the soil used, the chemical analysis found: pH = 3,9; organic matter = 2,1%; P = 19 mg dm-3; K = 0,08 cmolc dm-3; Ca = 2,23 cmolc dm-3; Mg = 0,59 cmolc dm-3; Al = 0,22 cmolc dm-3; H + Al = 4,77 cmolc dm-3.
In the formulation of the substrates, the soil was sieved with a 5 mm mesh to remove stoniness, branches and leaves. The DBS was obtained in the municipality of Presidente Juscelino – MA, where it was sieved with an 8 mm mesh for disaggregation and homogenization.
In the production of seedlings, polyethylene bags measuring 12 x 20 cm were used, sowing two seeds per bag. The Cupuaçu seedlings were watered twice a day, at 8:00 am and 5:00 pm (local time, GMT − 03:00 pm), with the aid of a 5 L hand watering can.
At 60 days, the evaluation of the biometric parameters was carried out, measuring the following variables: a) plant height (PH, cm), determined from the substrate level to the apex of the seedling with the aid of a millimeter ruler; b) stem diameter (SD, mm), obtained with the aid of a digital caliper (Digimess®) at the substrate level; c) number of leaves (NL, per plant), obtained by manually counting the leaves of each plant; d) root length (RL, cm), obtained with the aid of a millimeter ruler; e) root volume (RV, cm3), obtained by displacing the water column in a graduated cylinder; f) leaf area (LA, cm2), determined using the ImageJ® computer program; g) plant height/stem diameter ratio, obtained by the PH/SD ratio; and h) plant height/root length ratio, obtained by the PH/RL ratio.
Statistical analysis
Data were subjected to normality (Shapiro-Wilk, α = 0.05) and homoscedasticity (Bartlett, α = 0.05) tests as assumptions for performing analysis of variance. Once the assumptions were met, analysis of variance was performed to diagnose a significant effect (F test, α = 0.05) and the data were explored by regression analysis. All analyzes were performed in the R software using the “ExpDes.pt” package (R CORE TEAM, 2020).
Results and discussion
The use of DBS in the formulation of substrates for the production of Cupuaçu seedlings positively interferes with the biometric parameters of this species. According to the analysis of variance, a significant effect (p < 0.05) was observed for the parameters plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), root volume (RV), root length (RL) and plant height ratio / stem diameter (PH/SD). The parameters leaf number (NL), leaf area (LA) and plant height/stem diameter ratio (PH/SD) were not significant (p > 0.05) with the use of DBS in the production of Cupuaçu seedlings (Table 2).
Table 2 – Summary of variance analysis of biometric parameters of Cupuaçu seedlings produced on substrates based on Babassu compost stems.
SV |
DF |
Mean square |
|||||||
PH |
SD |
NL |
RV |
RL |
LA |
PH/SD |
PH/RL |
||
Treat |
5 |
46,76 * |
1,08 * |
0,56 ns |
5,18 * |
274,6 * |
2445,34 ns |
0,80 ns |
0,46 * |
Residue |
29 |
14,10 |
0,16 |
0,48 |
1,18 |
32,70 |
2647,18 |
0,43 |
0,07 |
Total |
34 |
||||||||
CV (%) |
14,25 |
8,49 |
17,73 |
29,29 |
19,75 |
14,9 |
11,51 |
26,99 |
SV: source of variation. Treat: treatments. CV (%): Coefficient of variation; DF: degree of freedom. PH: plant height. SD: stem diameter. NL: number of leaves. RV: root volume. RL: root length. LA: leaf area. PH/SD: plant height/stem diameter ratio. PH/RL: plant height/root length ratio. *: significant at the 5% probability level; ns: not significant at 5% probability.
Observing the PH, it was noted that it obtained a first- and second-degree effect, where it better adapted to the quadratic model. The ideal proportion of DBS that reached the largest PH (28.78 cm) was 44.84% (Figure 1A), representing an increment of 18.1% when compared to the PH (24.36 cm) of the control (0% DBS).
When DBS mineralizes the nutrients in its composition (Table 1), it possibly released nitrogen and other nutrients that enabled the seedling to grow more prominently, as Prato et al. (2020) stated that the addition of organic inputs to the soil promotes improvements in the chemical attributes of substrates, mainly by increasing the availability of nutrients for seedlings. This behavior is in line with what is found in the literature, as studies on the use of DBS in the production of seedlings of commercial species also promoted an increase in their PH (CAVALCANTE et al., 2021; ANDRADE et al., 2021), which can be used as an estimate of initial growth in the field (GONÇALVES et al., 2014) and a non-destructive quality indicator of Cupuaçu seedlings (SILVA et al., 2020).
Analyzing the SD, it was observed that it obtained a first- and second-degree effect, where it better adapted to the quadratic model. The highest SD index (5.01 mm) was obtained with the proportion of 63.5% DBS (Figure 1B), indicating an increase of 19% in relation to the control SD (4.21 mm).
SD is usually observed in the evaluation of seedling survival capacity in the field, since the percentage of survival and post-planting growth are closely linked to this parameter (SILVA et al., 2019). This result possibly occurred due to the nutrients provided by DBS (Table 1) in the substrate solution. Elements such as K and Ca act directly on SD, since K promotes the firmness of plant cell walls (turgor) and its supply is adequate for optimal growth (BARZEGAR et al., 2020); while Ca acts on the stability of biomembranes, with a fundamental role in cell division and development, cell wall structuring and formation of the middle lamella (HEPLER, WINSHIP, 2010).
In addition, Mg possibly influenced this result, since this nutrient plays an essential role in photosynthetic activity, and 1/5 of this plant tissue is composed of chlorophyll molecules (MAUAD et al., 2019).
Figure 1 – Plant height (A) and stem diameter (B) of Cupuaçu seedlings produced in substrates based on decomposed Babassu stems.
Regarding the RV, it was verified that this parameter had a first-degree effect, obtaining the best result (4.73 cm3) with the proportion of 100% DBS (Figure 2A). This value represents an increase of 93.1% when compared to the value recorded by the control (2.45 cm3).
The development of RV is strongly linked to the porosity of the substrate. The proportion of 100% DBS showed the lowest density and highest porosity (Table 1), therefore, the physical impediments to the development of root volume were minimal in this treatment. Therefore, the low density allowed the transport of nutrients and growth of the root system (REGES et al., 2017). Silva et al. (2020) corroborates this result, as they state that DBS promotes a decrease in substrate density and consequent increase in porosity, which reduces any physical impediment to root development.
Observing the RL, it was noticed that there was a first-degree effect, where the best RL (36.44 cm) was registered with the proportion of 100% DBS (Figure 2B), showing an increase of 82.29% in relation to the RL obtained by the control (19.99 cm).
Figure 2 – Root volume (A) and root length (B) of Cupuaçu seedlings produced in substrates based on decomposed Babassu stems.
Similar to the RV, the RL obtained with 100% DBS is closely linked to the porosity of the substrate found in this treatment. Having a root system with a higher RL demonstrates that the plant has the capacity to seek water and nutrients in deeper layers, an essential characteristic in times of dry spells. According to Andrade et al. (2017), the root system of a plant develops satisfactorily when the substrate has good aeration, drainage and high moisture retention capacity. Adequate growth of the root system will have greater capacity to absorb water and nutrients, providing rapid growth and presenting a showy appearance (SILVA et al., 2013).
Regarding the PH/RL, it was noted that it obtained a first-degree effect, where it recorded the best value (1.38) with 0% DBS in the substrate (Figure 3). This result indicates that the addition of DBS to the substrate inhibits PH/RL in Cupuaçu.
Figure 3 – Plant height/root length ratio of Cupuaçu seedlings produced in substrates based on decomposed Babassu stems.
The PH/RL is an index that demonstrates the distribution of seedling growth, indicating a strong relationship with its performance in the field, as Gomes and Paiva (2004) state that the lower the index obtained by the PH/RL ratio, the greater the survival capacity of seedlings in the field, considering that such relationships demonstrate that the morphophysiological aspect of the root system and the height of the plant. Thus, the addition of DBS promotes a decrease in this parameter, indicating that the seedlings improve their ability to ‘stick’ in the field.
Thus, it is noted that the use of DBS promotes improvements in the initial growth of the Cupuaçu tree, which will be reflected in fruit production, resistance to certain biotic and abiotic stresses, improving productivity. Therefore, it is noted that this renewable input, easily accessible and low cost, has the potential to be used in the production of good quality Cupuaçu seedlings, enabling the reforestation of native areas, as well as areas of commercial cultivation.
Conclusions
The use of decomposed Babassu stems promotes the development of biometric parameters of Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum seedlings.
It is recommended to use 100% DBS to obtain Cupuaçu seedlings with longer and more voluminous roots.
The use of 63.5% and 44.84% of DBS is recommended for Cupuaçu seedlings with larger stem diameter and plant height, respectively.
The use of 100% DBS is recommended to obtain Cupuaçu seedlings with a higher plant height/root length ratio.
Conflict of interests
There was no conflict of interest of the authors.
Authors’ contribution
Maurivan Barbosa Pacheco – original idea, direction, evaluation and original writing; Raissa Rachel Salustriano da Silva-Matos – guidelines, correction and text review; Vanessa Brito Barroso – data collection and text review; Ramón Yuri Ferreira Pereira – editing, data analysis, corrections and text review; Dário de Sousa Ramos – data collection and text review; Lídia Ferreira Moraes – text editing and text review.
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Received on August 31, 2023
Returned for adjustments on February 7, 2024
Received with adjustments on February 9, 2024
Accepted on February 11, 2024