Assessment of Sidi Abed mountain flora richness through endemic, rare and threatened species in Tiaret, Algeria

Agrarian Academic Journal

doi: 10.32406/v6n4/2023/55-66/agrariacad

Assessment of Sidi Abed mountain flora richness through endemic, rare and threatened species in Tiaret, Algeria. Avaliação da biodiversidade da flora montanhosa de Sidi Abed através de espécies endêmicas, raras e ameaçadas em Tiaret, Argélia.

Benchohra Maamar^1*, Hicham Berrabah², Belgacem Nouar³, Hocine Fadlallah Rabah⁴

^1*- University of Tiaret. Algeria. E-mail: benchohra_19@hotmail.fr

^2- University Center of Mila. E-mail: hichember55@gmail.com

^3- University of Tlemcen. Algeria. E-mail: nouar.belkacem@hotmail.fr

^4- University of Tissemsilt, Algeria. E-mail: rabah.fadlallah@gmail.com

Abstract

To present day, no study has been carried out on the local flora of the Sidi Abed Mountain. Situated southern the city of Tiaret considered as natural barrier before steppe area. Phyto-ecological surveys with 100 m² Braun-Blanquet minimum area were conducted 75 species, belonging to 29 families and 66 genera has been established. Asteraceae (20%), Fabaceae (10.7), Poaceae (10.7), Lamiaceae (6.7%), Apiaceae (5.3%) and Asparagaceae (5.3) were the most representative families covering more than 50% of the inventoried families. Moreover, Therophytes (48%) are majorly dominant with a notable decrease of the phanerophytes (5,3%) and increase of Hemicryptophytes (22.7%). Predominance of the Mediterranean biogeographic type species with a percentage of (41.3%) followed by the Euro-Mediterranean (10.7%) and West-Mediterranean (10.7%) typical for Mediterranean semi-arid climate. 2 endemic species were present and rarity reached 9% combined of rare (4%) and quite rare (5%). Among the taxa analyzed, 8 are included in the International Union for Conservation of Nature red list with different status and 2 are on the Algerian list of protected non-cultivated species.

Keywords: Floristic diversity. Biogeography. Endemic. Rare. Protected species.

Resumo

Até hoje, nenhum estudo foi realizado sobre a flora local da montanha Sidi Abed. Situada ao sul da cidade de Tiaret, considerada uma barreira natural antes da área de estepe. Levantamentos fitoecológicos com área mínima de 100 m² Braun-Blanquet foram realizados 75 espécies, pertencentes a 29 famílias e 66 gêneros foram estabelecidos. Asteraceae (20%), Fabaceae (10,7), Poaceae (10,7), Lamiaceae (6,7%), Apiaceae (5,3%) e Asparagaceae (5,3) foram as famílias mais representativas, abrangendo mais de 50% das famílias inventariadas. Além disso, os Terófitos (48%) são majoritariamente dominantes, com uma notável diminuição dos fanerófitos (5,3%) e aumento dos Hemicriptófitos (22,7%). Predominância das espécies do tipo biogeográfico Mediterrâneo com uma percentagem de (41,3%) seguida da Euro-Mediterrâneo (10,7%) e Mediterrâneo Ocidental (10,7%) típicos do clima semiárido mediterrâneo. 2 espécies endêmicas estavam presentes e a raridade atingiu 9% combinada de raras (4%) e bastante raras (5%). Dentre os táxons analisados, 8 estão incluídos na lista vermelha da União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza com status diferenciado e 2 estão na lista argelina de espécies não cultivadas protegidas.

Palavras-chave: Diversidade florística. Biogeografia. Endêmico. Raro. Espécies protegidas.

Introduction

Preserving and developing the diversity of a country’s plant genetic resources requires, above all, precise knowledge of this heritage. Given the complexity of the constantly evolving flora, the definition of an optimal strategy giving all the means to the operator would constitute a guarantee to achieve this objective (CHEMLI, 1997).

In a global context of preserving biodiversity, the study of the flora of the Mediterranean basin, presents a great interest, given its great richness linked to the heterogeneity of historical, paleogeographic, paleoclimatic factors, ecological and geological which characterize it, as well as the secular impact of anthropogenic pressure (QUÉZEL et al., 1980).

The Mediterranean Basin is described as one the biodiversity 34 hot spots and one of the richest regions in terms of biodiversity (MYERS, 2003; BLONDEL et al., 2010). Estimated at 25,000 species or 30,000 species and subspecies, the floristic richness of the Mediterranean region is equivalent to approximately 10% of the world’s higher plants present on only 1.6% of the earth’s surface (MÉDAIL; QUÉZEL, 1997).

Algeria as an integral part (CHEMOURI et al., 2015) has a great floristic specific richness of worldwide interest (BENABADJI et al., 2007) with 3139 species (MANSOURI et al., 2018) and high rate of endemism (MIARA et al., 2018a) with more than 300 endemic taxa (YAHI et al., 2012).

Many authors stated that conservation and enhancement of biodiversity could be done only by knowing its characteristics (BOUNAR et al., 2018). Conservation requires precise knowledge to prevent more biodiversity loss (AMIROUCHE; MISSET, 2009; CHEMLI, 1997), especially in transition zones separating pre-forest and high steppe which are still poorly exploited (YAHI et al., 2012).

The management of common forests, especially in arid and semi-arid ranges in Algeria, is gone up against with a need of information to get it how these biological systems work in terms of floristic composition, statistic structure, and recovery. Subsequently, creating maintainable administration methodologies remains exceptionally troublesome (GODOY, 1992). Several authors highlight the importance of these zones due to their panoply of rare and endemic species suffering from severe anthropogenic threats (NOUAR, 2015; MIARA et al., 2017; AZZAOUI et al., 2018; MAAMAR et al., 2018; NOUAR et al., 2020; NOUAR et al., 2021).

Through this contribution, we aim to inventory, identify and enhance the plant species of the Sidi Abed region. Furthermore, rank them systematically, biologically and biogeographically shading lights on the threatened and protected species of the area.

Materials and methods

Square Mountain or Djbel Sidi Abed, located south of the town of Tiaret (Figure 1). Algeria, on the road to Sougueur, a small isolated mountain on the Sers plateau rises to more than 1180 m with semi-arid to cool winter. It is home to a pure stand resulting from reforestation with Aleppo pine on limestone (MIARA et al., 2018b), considered as the last stop before entering steppe ecosystem. Therefore, it was necessary to determine the floristic characterization in order to preserve it from diminishing.

Figure 1 – Study area localization

Sigmatist phytosociological method was followed (BRAUN-BLANQUET et al., 1952) for sampling, this method consists in determining the smallest area called “minimal area” which accounts for the nature of the plant association.

Some authors had calculated the minimal areas of 64 m². It is 100m² or 200m² in the south of the northern Sahara. For our study, it was difficult to make a totally rigorous choice and, in order to remove any ambiguity and, to be able to compare the records; we deliberately chose to make 100m² plots (BENABADJI et al., 2001).

Floristic surveys were carried out from March to June 2017; this period is considered optimal for the observation of vegetation. Each vegetation survey consists of an exhaustive inventory of all the plant species encountered according to the strata, and each specie is accompanied by two indices: abundance-dominance and sociability.

The identification of taxa was made using the flora of (QUÉZEL; SANTA, 1962), scientific names of the species and their families are updated according to (DOBIGNARD; CHATELAIN, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010).

Results and discussion

Systematic analysis

The inventoried flora is about 75 species, 66 genera and 29 families (Table 1), the distribution of these families is heterogeneous, with the dominance of the Asteraceae numbering 15 species (20%), followed by the Fabaceae and the Poaceae with the same percentage 08 species (10.7%), the Lamiaceae 05 species (6.7%), the Apiaceae, Asparagaceae with 04 species (5.3%) and the Geraniaceae 03 species either (4%).

Table 1 – List of inventoried species in the study area.

Families	Taxa	Protection status
Apiaceae	Ammoides pusilla (Brot.) Breistr. = A. verticillata (Desf.) Briq
	Eryngium triquetrum. Vahl
	Ferula lutea (Poiret) Maire = Ferulago lutea (Poir.) Grande
	Scandix pecten-veneris L.
Asparagaceae	Asparagus acutifolius L.
	Asparagus horridus L.
	Muscari neglectum Guss.
	Ornithogalum baeticum Boiss.
Arecaceae	Chamaerops humilis L	LC
Asteraceae	Anacyclus clavatus (Desf.) Pers
	Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link	VU
	Artemisia herba-alba Asso
	Atractylis humilis subsp caespitosa (Desf.) M.
	Bellis sylvestris L.
	Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L.
	Carthamus pinnatus Desf.
	Catananche caerulea L.
	Galactites duriaei Spach
	Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub
	Hyoseris radiata L.
	Hyoseris scabra L.
	Onopordum macracanthum Schousb.
	Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. subsp. spinosa
	Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth = Picridium vulgare L.
Boraginaceae	Echium plalltagineum L.
Brassicaceae	Alyssum alpestre L.
Brassicaceae	Eruca vesicaria L
Caryophylaceae	Paronychia argentea Lam.
Caryophylaceae	Silene coelirosa (L.) Godr
Cistaceae	Fumana thymifolia (L.) . Verlot
Convolvulaceae	Convolvulus cantabrica L.
Cuprissaceae	Cupressus sempervirens L	LC
Cyperaceae	Carex halleriana Asso.
Fabaceae	Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. maura (Beck) Maire
	Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.Stirt. = Psoralea bituminosa L
	Hedysarum boveanum Bunge ex Basiner subsp. boveanum
	Hedysarum flexuosum L.	NT
	Hedysarum pallidum Desf.
	Lotus ornithopodioides L.
	Scorpiurus muricatus. subsp sulcatus (L.) TheIl.
	Trifolium stellatum L.
Geraniaceae	Erodium cicutarium L’Her.
	Erodium malachoides(L.) L’Hér
	Erodium moschatum (Burm.) L’Her.
Iridaceae	Moraea sisyrinchium (L.) Ker Gawl
Lamiaceae	Phlomis crinita. subsp mauritanica (Munby) Murb.
	Salvia verbenaca (L.) Briq.
	Teucrium pseudochamaepitys L.
	Teucrium polium L. subsp. polium	P
	Thymus ciliatus (Desf.) Benth. subsp. ciliatus
Malvaceae	Malva sylvestris L.
Orchidaceae	Anacamptis papilionacea (L.) R. M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M. W. Chase	P
Orobancahceae	Parentucellia latifolia (L.) Caruel
Papaveraceae	Fumaria officinalis L.
Papaveraceae	Papaver hybridum L.
Pinaceae	Pinus halepensis Mill.	LC
Plantaginaceae	Plantago coronopus L. subsp. coronopus
Plantaginaceae	Plantago lagopus L.
Poaceae	Avena barbata Pott ex Link
	Bromus madritensis L= Anisantha madritensis (L.) Nevski	LC
	Dactylis glomerata L.
	Echinaria capitata (L.) Desf.
	Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum (Link) Arcang	LC
	Lygeum spartum L.
	Macrochloa tenacissima (L.) Kunth = Stipa tenacissima L	VU
	Phleum pratense subsp. bertolonii (DC.) Bornm
Primulaceae	Lysimachia arvensis (L.) U. Manns & Anderb. = Anagallis arvensis L
Ranonculaceae	Adonis annua L. subsp. Annua = A. annua subsp. autumnalis (L) Maire & Weiller
Resedaceae	Reseda alba L. subsp. alba
Rahmnaceae	Rhamnus lycioides. subsp. oleoides L.
Rahmnaceae	Ziziphus lotus (L.) Desf.
Rubiaceae	Asperula hirsuta Desf.
Rubiaceae	Galium valantia F. H. Wigg
Thymelaeaceae	Thymelaea hirsuta Endl.
Valerianaceae	Valerianella discoidea (L.) Loisel = V. coronata subsp. discoidea

LC: lest concern; NT: near threatened; VU: vulnerable; P: protected.

The families of Brassicaceae, Caryophylaceae, Papaveraceae, Plantaginaceae, Rahmnaceae and Rubiaceae present by 02 species each (2.7%), the rest of the families (16) are mono-generic (single species) with a very small percentage (1.3% each, i.e., 21.3% in total) (Figure 2).

Overall, the high proportion of the contribution of the three families of Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae is the same that emerges in the work of (DJEBBOURI; TERRAS, 2019; MEDJAHDI et al., 2009; NOUAR et al., 2020; YOUCEFI et al., 2020).

Figure 2 – Composition of the flora by family

Biological types distribution

The biological spectra were determined from the Raunkiaer classification (RAUNKIAER, 1934). Figure 3 shows the distribution of these spectra and their percentages.

Figure 3 – Composition of the flora by biological types

According to Figure 3, the distribution of the biological types of flora is as follows: TH > HE > GE = CH > PH.

By analyzing the figure above, we observe that Therophytes (TH) have the highest rate (48%) with 36 species where the most abundant are: Calendula arvensis, Anacyclus cIavatus, Eruca vesicaria, Eruca vesicaria, Trifolium stellatum, Erodium moschatum, Teucrium pseudochamaepitys… etc. This important distribution is a form of resistance to drought and to high temperatures in arid environments coupled with the intense anthropozogenic action (BABALI, 2014; BOUGHANI et al., 2009; DAGER, 1980).

Moreover, Hemicryptophytes (HE) play a particularly important role and occupy the second position with 17 species (22.7%). These species include: Carduncellus pinnatus, Ferula lutea, Plantago coronopus… etc.; across Maghreb regions (BARBERO et al., 2001). Verlaque et al., (2001) report that the good success of this type is linked to strong diversification (biotope, altitude, dispersal, etc.). Whereas, Geophytes (Ge) (12%) are also present with 09 species, the most common are: Asparagus acutifolius, Asparagus horridus, Macrochloa tenacissima… etc. However, equally to the Geophytes (Ge), Chamaephytes (CH) are represented mainly by Chamaerops humilis, Artemisia herba-alba, Pallenis spinosa, Thymelaea hirsute… etc.

Ovine and bovine overgrazing leads to the development of Chamaephytes (LE HOUEROU, 1992). Their proportion increases as soon as pre-forest environments deteriorate, because this biological type adapts better to summer dryness and light than phanerophytes. However, Geophytes, are majorly rhizomatous taxa and have efficient sexual and vegetative reproduction, hence their better maintenance (VERLAQUE et al., 2001).

Finally, the very low percentage of Phanerophytes (PH) (05.3%) with 04 species, allowed us to confirm the degradation of the plant cover. This can be explained by the different degradation pressures that are occurring in the study area (overuse of wood, overgrazing and especially fires). For this purpose, several reforestation operations by foresters have been carried out using two main species: Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) and the evergreen cypress (Cupressus symperirens), where the main objective is the protection of natural vegetation.

Biogeographic types distribution

The analysis of the flora by biogeographic types shows the predominance of Mediterranean type species (Med) with (31 species; 41.3%) as confirmed by Miara et al. (2017). Followed by The West-Mediterranean elements (W. Med) and Euro-Mediterranean (Eur Med) with (08 species each; 10.7%), then Ibero-Mauritanian (Iber-Maur) with (05 species; 6.7%), Eurasian (Euras) (03 species; 4%), Cosmopolitan (Cosm) and European (Eur) (02 species: 2.7%), the rest of the types (16) represent low participation (only one specie 1,3%, 17.6% overall) (Figure 4). Two (02) endemic species: Hedysarum pallidum Desf (Endemic Algeria – Tunisia) and Thymus ciliatus (Desf.) Benth. subsp. Ciliatus (Endemic North Africa) were found. These findings contribute to the classification of Tiaret region as important plant area (IPA) (MIARA et al., 2017). Although the same author adds that several taxa cited in the bibliography for the region have not been found. which leaves one to wonder about the state of conservation and the existence of these taxa in an environment very strongly disturbed by devastating human action.

Figure 4 – Composition of the flora by Biogeographic types

Rarity status

Rarity percentages are figured in the figure 5 where the plants are classified with different status of abondance, from the extremely common to rare.

CCC: Extremely common; CC: Very common; AC: Quite common; C: common; AR: Quite rare; R: Rare

Figure 5 – Rarity status of the inventoried flora

Only one species of the orchidaceae family Anacamptis papilionacea (L.) RM Bateman, Pridgeon & MW Chase is reported, while two other species are observed by (MIARA et al., 2018b), it is Anacamptis collina (Banks & Sol. Ex Russell) RM Bateman, Pridgeon & MW Chas and Ophrys lutea Cavanilles subsp. Lutea who realized a specific research on orchids (MIARA et al., 2017) also signaled Crupina intermedia as endemic, in djebel sidi abed which unfortunately was not observed.

Protection status

Using the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list, several species with different status were determined, five species have a least concern status (Chamaerops humilis L (GARDINER; VÉLA, 2017); Cupressus sempervirens (L) (Farjon, 2013a); Pinus halepensis (L) (FARJON, 2013b); Bromus madritensis (L) (THACKER, 2013); Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum (Link) Arcang (RHODES et al., 2016), one near threatened species Hedysarum flexuosum (L) (GROOM, 2012) with a decrease of population. Finally, two species are vulnerable and decreasing in population Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link (RANKOU et al., 2017); Macrochloa tenacissima (L.) Kunth (CARAPETO; VÉLA, 2018). Locally, The Algerian legislation cited two species from our finding Teucrium polium L. subsp. Polium and Anacamptis papilionacea (L.) R. M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M. W. Chase protected under the Executive Decree No. 12–03, listing the non-crop protected plants (J.O.R.A.D.P, 2012).

Conclusion

The obtained results undoubtedly confirm that the studied vegetation tends towards the therophytization. Distribution percentages of other biological types in descending order; Hemicryptophytes (22.7%), Geophytes and Chamaephytes (12%) and Phanerophytes (05.3%). The poor representation of Phanerophytes indicates the advanced degradation of the vegetation cover by the reduction of forest formations and their replacement by degraded formations invaded by steppe species (Macrochloa tenacissima, Lygeum spartum and Artemisia herba-alba) and grassy herbs with short life cycles.

From a taxonomic point of view, the listed species are marked by the dominance of the Asteraceae family (20%), followed by Fabaceae and Poaceae (10.7%). At the Biogeographic level, the Mediterranean, West Mediterranean and Euro-Mediterranean strain species were the most answered in the study area with percentages of 41.3%, 10.7% and 10.7% respectively, while other strains were poorly represented (<07%).

Our findings highlight the importance of this mountain, due to the identified endemic and protected species, more attention and monitoring should be given to this region considered as transition zone between two ecosystems, forming a natural barrier against steppe advancement.

Interest conflicts

There was no conflict of interest of the authors.

Authors’ contribution

Maamar Benchohra – original idea, reading and interpretation of works and writing; Maamar Benchohra, Hichem Berrabah and Nouar Belgacem – writing and corrections; Hocine Fadlallah Rabah – guidance, corrections and revision of the text.

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Received on July 21, 2023

Returned for adjustments on September 25, 2023

Received with adjustments on September 27, 2023

Accepted on September 29, 2023

1*- University of Tiaret. Algeria. E-mail: benchohra_19@hotmail.fr

2- University Center of Mila. E-mail: hichember55@gmail.com

3- University of Tlemcen. Algeria. E-mail: nouar.belkacem@hotmail.fr

4- University of Tissemsilt, Algeria. E-mail: rabah.fadlallah@gmail.com

Figure 1 – Study area localization

Table 1 – List of inventoried species in the study area.

Families

Taxa

Protection status

Apiaceae

Ammoides pusilla (Brot.) Breistr. = A. verticillata (Desf.) Briq

Eryngium triquetrum. Vahl

Ferula lutea (Poiret) Maire = Ferulago lutea (Poir.) Grande

Scandix pecten-veneris L.

Asparagaceae

Asparagus acutifolius L.

Asparagus horridus L.

Muscari neglectum Guss.

Ornithogalum baeticum Boiss.

Arecaceae

Chamaerops humilis L

LC

Asteraceae

Anacyclus clavatus (Desf.) Pers

Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Link

VU

Artemisia herba-alba Asso

Atractylis humilis subsp caespitosa (Desf.) M.

Bellis sylvestris L.

Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L.

Carthamus pinnatus Desf.

Catananche caerulea L.

Galactites duriaei Spach

Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub

Hyoseris radiata L.

Hyoseris scabra L.

Onopordum macracanthum Schousb.

Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. subsp. spinosa

Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth = Picridium vulgare L.

Boraginaceae

Echium plalltagineum L.

Brassicaceae

Alyssum alpestre L.

Eruca vesicaria L

Caryophylaceae

Paronychia argentea Lam.

Silene coelirosa (L.) Godr

Cistaceae

Fumana thymifolia (L.) . Verlot

Convolvulaceae

Convolvulus cantabrica L.

Cuprissaceae

Cupressus sempervirens L

LC

Cyperaceae

Carex halleriana Asso.

Fabaceae

Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. maura (Beck) Maire

Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H.Stirt. = Psoralea bituminosa L

Hedysarum boveanum Bunge ex Basiner subsp. boveanum

Hedysarum flexuosum L.

NT

Hedysarum pallidum Desf.

Lotus ornithopodioides L.

Scorpiurus muricatus. subsp sulcatus (L.) TheIl.

Trifolium stellatum L.

Geraniaceae

Erodium cicutarium L’Her.

Erodium malachoides(L.) L’Hér

Erodium moschatum (Burm.) L’Her.

Iridaceae

Moraea sisyrinchium (L.) Ker Gawl

Lamiaceae

Phlomis crinita. subsp mauritanica (Munby) Murb.

Salvia verbenaca (L.) Briq.

Teucrium pseudochamaepitys L.

Teucrium polium L. subsp. polium

P

Thymus ciliatus (Desf.) Benth. subsp. ciliatus

Malvaceae

^1*- University of Tiaret. Algeria. E-mail: benchohra_19@hotmail.fr

^2- University Center of Mila. E-mail: hichember55@gmail.com

^3- University of Tlemcen. Algeria. E-mail: nouar.belkacem@hotmail.fr

^4- University of Tissemsilt, Algeria. E-mail: rabah.fadlallah@gmail.com